What notable action did the Second Continental Congress take on July 4, 1776?

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, a pivotal document that proclaimed the thirteen American colonies' separation from British rule. This declaration articulated the colonies' grievances against King George III and expressed the philosophical foundation of the new nation, emphasizing the concepts of individual rights and the idea that governments derive their power from the consent of the governed.

The adoption of the Declaration was a significant step in the American Revolutionary War, as it rallied support both domestically and internationally for the cause of independence. This action represented not just a break from Britain but also the founding principles upon which the United States would be built, including liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

In contrast, the ratification of the Constitution occurred later in 1787; establishing the United States Army occurred prior to the declaration, in 1775; and there were no peace treaties signed with Britain on that date, as the Revolutionary War was still ongoing at that time. The focus of July 4, 1776, explicitly centers on the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, making this the correct answer.