Which method of heat transfer requires a material for conduction?

Conduction is the method of heat transfer that requires a material, typically a solid substance, for the process to occur. This heat transfer occurs through direct contact of particles within a material. As one part of the material is heated, its particles vibrate and collide with neighboring particles, transferring energy in the process. This is different from convection, which involves the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) where heat is transferred by the bulk movement of the fluid itself without a need for direct contact. Radiation, on the other hand, does not require a medium at all; it transfers heat through electromagnetic waves, such as light. Evaporation involves the transformation of liquid into vapor, which does not pertain to heat transfer through direct contact with a material. Hence, conduction specifically relies on a material to facilitate the transfer of heat.